Sweet pepper hybrid 9941819

ABSTRACT

The invention provides seed and plants of pepper hybrid 9941819 and the parent lines thereof. The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of pepper hybrid 9941819 and the parent lines thereof, and to methods for producing a pepper plant produced by crossing such plants with themselves or with another pepper plant, such as a plant of another genotype. The invention further relates to seeds and plants produced by such crossing. The invention further relates to parts of such plants, including the fruit and gametes of such plants.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/109,851, filed Oct. 30, 2008, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of plant breeding and, more specifically, to the development of sweet pepper hybrid 9941819 and of the inbred pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The goal of vegetable breeding is to combine various desirable traits in a single variety/hybrid. Such desirable traits may include greater yield, resistance to insects or pests, tolerance to heat and drought, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, growth rate and fruit properties.

Breeding techniques take advantage of a plant's method of pollination. There are two general methods of pollination: a plant self-pollinates if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant or plant variety. A plant cross-pollinates if pollen comes to it from a flower of a different plant variety.

Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type over many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny, a homozygous plant. A cross between two such homozygous plants of different genotypes produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that are heterozygous for many gene loci. Conversely, a cross of two plants each heterozygous at a number of loci produces a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and are not uniform. The resulting non-uniformity makes performance unpredictable.

The development of uniform varieties requires the development of homozygous inbred plants, the crossing of these inbred plants, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection are examples of breeding methods that have been used to develop inbred plants from breeding populations. Those breeding methods combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more plants or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new lines and hybrids produced therefrom are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. Also provided are pepper plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. Parts of the sweet pepper plant of the present invention are also provided, for example, including pollen, an ovule, scion, a rootstock, a fruit, and a cell of the plant.

The invention also concerns the seed of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. The pepper seed of the invention may be provided as an essentially homogeneous population of pepper seed of the hybrid designated 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. Essentially homogeneous populations of seed are generally free from substantial numbers of other seed. Therefore, seed of hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 may be defined as forming at least about 97% of the total seed, including at least about 98%, 99% or more of the seed. The population of pepper seed may be particularly defined as being essentially free from hybrid seed. The seed population may be separately grown to provide an essentially homogeneous population of pepper plants designated 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266.

In another aspect of the invention, a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 comprising an added heritable trait is provided. The heritable trait may comprise a genetic locus that is, for example, a dominant or recessive allele. In one embodiment of the invention, a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 is defined as comprising a single locus conversion. In specific embodiments of the invention, an added genetic locus confers one or more traits such as, for example, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, disease resistance, and modified carbohydrate metabolism. In further embodiments, the trait may be conferred by a naturally occurring gene introduced into the genome of a line by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques into the plant or a progenitor of any previous generation thereof. When introduced through transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more genes integrated at a single chromosomal location.

In another aspect of the invention, a tissue culture of regenerable cells of a pepper plant of hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 is provided. The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating pepper plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant from which tissue is originally obtained, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as other plants of the starting plant. Examples of some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 include those traits set forth in the tables herein. The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures may be derived, for example, from embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistil, flower, seed and stalks. Still further, the present invention provides pepper plants regenerated from a tissue culture of the invention, the plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266.

In yet another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for producing pepper seeds, plants and fruit, which processes generally comprise crossing a first parent pepper plant with a second parent pepper plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent pepper plants is a plant of pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266. These processes may be further exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid pepper seed or plants, wherein a first pepper plant is crossed with a second pepper plant of a different, distinct genotype to provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, a plant of pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266. In these processes, crossing will result in the production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not.

In one embodiment of the invention, the first step in “crossing” comprises planting seeds of a first and second parent pepper plant, often in proximity so that pollination will occur for example, mediated by insect vectors. Alternatively, pollen can be transferred manually. Where the plant is self-pollinated, pollination may occur without the need for direct human intervention other than plant cultivation.

A second step may comprise cultivating or growing the seeds of first and second parent pepper plants into plants that bear flowers. A third step may comprise preventing self-pollination of the plants, such as by emasculating the flowers (i.e., killing or removing the pollen). Self-incompatibility systems may also be used in some hybrid crops for the same purpose. Self-incompatible plants still shed viable pollen and can pollinate plants of other varieties but are incapable of pollinating themselves or other plants of the same genotype.

A fourth step for a hybrid cross may comprise cross-pollination between the first and second parent pepper plants. Yet another step comprises harvesting the seeds from at least one of the parent pepper plants. The harvested seed can be grown to produce a pepper plant or hybrid pepper plant.

The present invention also provides the pepper seeds and plants produced by a process that comprises crossing a first parent pepper plant with a second parent pepper plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent pepper plants is a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. In one embodiment of the invention, pepper seed and plants produced by the process are first generation (F₁) hybrid pepper seed and plants produced by crossing a plant in accordance with the invention with another, distinct plant. The present invention further contemplates plant parts of such an F₁ hybrid pepper plant, and methods of use thereof. Therefore, certain exemplary embodiments of the invention provide an F₁ hybrid pepper plant and seed thereof.

In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing a plant derived from hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266, the method comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a progeny plant derived from hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266, wherein said preparing comprises crossing a plant of the hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 with a second plant; and (b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a second plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation. In further embodiments, the method may additionally comprise: (c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a second plant; and repeating the steps for an additional 3-10 generations to produce a plant derived from hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. The plant derived from hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 may be an inbred line, and the aforementioned repeated crossing steps may be defined as comprising sufficient inbreeding to produce the inbred line. In the method, it may be desirable to select particular plants resulting from step (c) for continued crossing according to steps (b) and (c). By selecting plants having one or more desirable traits, a plant derived from hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 is obtained which possesses some of the desirable traits of the starting plant as well as potentially other selected traits.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing peppers comprising: (a) obtaining a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266, wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity, and (b) collecting peppers from the plant.

In still yet another aspect of the invention, the genetic complement of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 is provided. The phrase “genetic complement” is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype of, in the present case, a pepper plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents the genetic makeup of a cell, tissue or plant, and a hybrid genetic complement represents the genetic make up of a hybrid cell, tissue or plant. The invention thus provides pepper plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the pepper plant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds and plants containing such cells.

Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood that hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 could be identified by any of the many well known techniques such as, for example, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., 1998).

In still yet another aspect, the present invention provides hybrid genetic complements, as represented by pepper plant cells, tissues, plants, and seeds, formed by the combination of a haploid genetic complement of a pepper plant of the invention with a haploid genetic complement of a second pepper plant, preferably, another, distinct pepper plant. In another aspect, the present invention provides a pepper plant regenerated from a tissue culture that comprises a hybrid genetic complement of this invention.

In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a plant that exhibits a combination of traits comprising a small- to medium-sized, anthocyaninless plant that produces large, smooth fruit; a plant whose immature fruit possess adequate firmness and mature to an orange-red color, and often weigh about 250 grams; a plant that appears resistant or tolerant to Races 1-5 and 7-9 of Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), exhibits resistance to Tobamo virus (P0), and exhibits resistance to Phytopthora capsici. In certain embodiments, the combination of traits may be defined as controlled by genetic means for the expression of the combination of traits found in pepper hybrid 9941819.

In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of determining the genotype of a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 comprising detecting in the genome of the plant at least a first polymorphism. The method may, in certain embodiments, comprise detecting a plurality of polymorphisms in the genome of the plant. The method may further comprise storing the results of the step of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium. The invention further provides a computer readable medium produced by such a method.

Any embodiment discussed herein with respect to one aspect of the invention applies to other aspects of the invention as well, unless specifically noted.

The term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of error for the device or method being employed to determine the value. The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and to “and/or.” When used in conjunction with the word “comprising” or other open language in the claims, the words “a” and “an” denote “one or more,” unless specifically noted. The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and also covers other unlisted steps. Similarly, any plant that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more traits is not limited to possessing only those one or more traits and covers other unlisted traits.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and any specific examples provided, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods and compositions relating to plants, seeds and derivatives of pepper hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266. The parent lines show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for the traits described hereinafter. By crossing the parent lines, uniform F1 progeny of hybrid 9941819 are obtained.

Pepper hybrid 9941819 exhibits a number of desirable traits including a small- to medium-sized, anthocyaninless plant that produces large, smooth fruit; a plant whose immature fruit possess adequate firmness and mature to an orange-red color, and often weigh about 250 grams; a plant that appears resistant or tolerant to Races 1-5 and 7-9 of Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), and exhibits resistance to Tobamo virus (P0) and Phytopthora capsici. The development of the hybrid and its parent lines can be summarized as follows.

A. Origin and Breeding History of Pepper Hybrid 9941819

SBR99-1216 was developed by pedigree selection from Seminis hybrid SVR 8275265. This hybrid resulted from the cross between female 197960882 and male S 1410. This inbred line develops an extra large, anthocyaninless plant that produces a dark green maturing to red, moderately glossy, smooth but ribby, firm fruit. The line is resistant to races 1 to 5 and 7 to 9 Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) conferred via the Bs1, Bs2, and Bs3 genes.

The parent 197960882 was an anthocyaninless, red bell fixed for resistance to Tobacco etch virus pathotype P0 (pvr2-2 gene) [TEV], and BLS races 1 to 3, 7 and 8 via the Bs2 gene. The parent S1410 was a rough, square, red bell with deep shoulders and fixed for resistance to the Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV; L1 gene), and BLS races 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 9 BLS via the Bs1 and Bs3 genes.

SBR99-1216 differs from 197960882 because it possesses the BLS races 4 and 5 resistance that 197960882 lacks. The line 197960882 possesses resistance to TEV that SBR99-1216 lacks. SBR99-1216 is anthocyaninless while S1410 is not. S1410 also possesses resistance to the TMV (P0) that SBR99-1216 lacks.

The crossing and selections were made as follows:

-   Year 1: The F₁ hybrid SVR 8275265 was made from the parents     197960882 and S 1410. -   Year 1: Plants of the F₁ hybrid SVR 8275265 were transplanted into a     hybrid trial as stake #98LB 12554 and allowed to self. Seed from the     selfed plants were massed. -   Year 2: Planted the F₂ inbred line 98LB 12554-M as stake     #99LB 00147. The line produced red fruit. Individual plants were     selected. -   Year 3: Planted the F₃ inbred line 99LB00147-02 as stake #00LB 1027.     The line produced red fruit and was segregating for resistance to     TEV and fixed for the anthocyaninless trait. Individual plants were     selected. -   Year 3: Planted the F₄ inbred line 00LB 1027-02 as stake     #00LB 08312. The line produced large red fruit with a good green     color. Pathology testing indicated that the line was fixed for BLS     resistance Bs₁ and Bs₃ genes while it was still segregating for the     Bs₂ gene and TEV resistance. Individual plants were selected. -   Year 4: Planted the F₅ inbred line 00LB 08312-02 as stake     #01LB 03076. Pathology testing indicated that the line was     segregating for the Bs₂ gene. Individual plants were selected. -   Year 4: Planted the F₆ inbred line 01LB 03076-02 as stake     #01LB 06994. The line displayed a heavy set of large, blocky, dark     green fruit with acceptable firmness. Anthocyaninless plants     developed red fruit. The Bs₁, Bs₂, Bs₃ genes were fixed while the     line was still segregating for TEV. Individual plants were selected. -   Year 5: Planted the F₇ inbred line 01LB 06994-01 as stake     #02LB 03669. The line produced red mature fruit, an anthocyaninless     plant with adequate set, size and firmness. Individual plants were     selected. -   Year 6: Planted the F₈ inbred line 02LB 03669-01 as stake     #03LB 06812. The line produced large, red fruit with adequate to     good set. Fruit were large, ribby, smooth, glossy, and dark green     maturing to red. Plants were stable and uniform. The line was     bulked. -   Year 7: Planted the F₉ inbred line 03LB 06812-M as stake     #04LB 02309. The line produced extra large, anthocyaninless plants,     with dark green, moderately glossy but ribby, firm fruit. The line     was resistant to BLS races 1 to 5 and 7 to 9 but susceptible to TEV     (pvr2-2 gene) and susceptible to the TMV(P₀). Seed of the line 03LB     06812-M was deposited as SBR99-1216.

SBR99-1216 has been observed as uniform and stable over two generations in two consecutive years, and it is within commercially acceptable limits. As is true with other sweet pepper inbreds, a small percentage of variants can occur within commercially acceptable limits for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated multiplication. However, no known variants were observed during the four times that SBR99-1216 was observed in field trials and six times it was observed in green house trials.

A description of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper line SBR99-1216 is presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Line SBR99-1216 and a Selected Variety CHARACTERISTIC SBR99-1216 Early Cal Wonder 1 Species C. annuum C. annuum Maturity in region of most adaptability Days from transplanting until  83  67 mature green stage Days from transplanting until 104  85 mature red or yellow stage Days from direct seeding until 120 104 mature green stage Days from direct seeding until 141 122 mature red or yellow stage 3 Plant Habit compact compact Attitude upright/erect upright/erect (De Cayenne, Doux (De Cayenne, Doux très très long des Landes, long des Landes, Piquant d'Algérie) Piquant d'Algérie) Plant height 44.4 cm 40.9 cm Plant width 43.7 cm 47.1 cm Length of stem from cotyledon 15.0 cm 10.7 cm to first flower Length of the third internode 65.7 mm 54.0 mm (from soil surface) Length of stem medium (Belsir, Lamuyo) Shortened internode absent (in upper part) (California wonder, De Cayenne) Length of internode medium (Dolmi, (on primary side shoots) Florian, Orias) Stem: Hairiness of nodes absent or very weak (Arlequin) Height medium (HRF) Basal branches few (2-3) few (2-3) Branch flexibility rigid rigid (Yolo Wonder) (Yolo Wonder) Stem strength (breakage strong intermediate resistance) 4 Leaf Length of blade long (Cupido, Dolmy, Encore, Mazurka, Monte) Width of blade medium (Albaregia, Balaton, Danubia, Marconi, Merit) Leaf width 58.3 mm 60.0 mm Leaf length 105.7 mm 113.3 mm Petiole length 52.0 mm 46.0 mm Leaf color dark green light green Leaf color (RHS Color Chart 137A 147A value) Intensity of green color dark (Dolmy, Tinto) Mature leaf shape ovate ovate (Balico, Sonar) (Balico, Sonar) Leaf and stem pubescence absent absent Undulation of margin absent absent (De Cayenne) (De Cayenne) Blistering medium weak (Pusztagold) (Merit) Profile in cross section strongly concave (Slávy) Glossiness weak (De Cayenne, Doux très long des Landes) Peduncle: attitude erect (Fehér, Red Chili) 5 Flower Number of flowers per leaf  1  1 axil Calyx lobes  6  6 Petals  6  6 Diameter 27.4 mm 25.1 mm Corolla color white white Corolla throat markings yellow yellow Anther color yellow purple Style length less than stamen same as stamen Self-incompatibility absent absent 6 Fruit Group Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Color (before maturity) green (California wonder, Lamuyo) Intensity of color (before medium maturity) Immature fruit color medium green medium green Immature fruit color (RHS green N134A green 137A Color Chart value) Attitude/position drooping/pendent drooping/pendent (De Cayenne, Lamuyo) (De Cayenne, Lamuyo) Length medium (Fehér, Lamuyo) Diameter broad (Clovis, Lamuyo) Ratio length/diameter small (Bucano, Topgirl) Calyx diameter 23.8 mm 32.0 mm Fruit length 72.7 mm 80.0 mm Fruit diameter at calyx 73.3 mm 70.0 mm attachment Fruit diameter at mid-point 75.2 mm 80.0 mm Flesh thickness at mid-point 5.8 mm 6.0 mm Average number of fruits per 10.4 10.0 plant % large fruits 13.3% (weight range: 50.0% (weight range: 100 to 135 g) 130 to 200 g) % medium fruits 66.7% (weight range: 30.0% (weight range: 60 to 95 g) 90 to 120 g) % small fruits 20.0% (weight range: 20.0% (weight range: 30 to 55 g) 50 to 75 g) Average fruit weight 76.8 gm 100.0 gm Shape in longitudinal section square square (Delphin, Yolo (Delphin, Yolo Wonder) Wonder) Shape in cross section (at level quadrangular quadrangular of placenta) Sinuation of pericarp at basal absent or very weak part (Delphin, Kalocsai V- 2, Milord) Sinuation of pericarp weak excluding basal part (Clovis, Sonar) Texture of surface smooth or very slightly smooth or wrinkled very slightly (Milord) wrinkled Color (at maturity) red (Fehér, Lamuyo) Intensity of color (at maturity) dark Mature fruit color red red Mature fruit color (RHS Color Red 46A 46A Chart value) Glossiness medium/ medium/ moderate moderate (Carré doux extra hâtif, (Carré doux extra hâtif, Lamuyo, Sonar) Lamuyo, Sonar) Stalk cavity absent (Corinto, Corno di toro, Sweet banana, Sucette de Provence) Depth of stalk cavity shallow (Delphin, Doux italien, Fehér, Latino) Pedicel length 41.9 mm 20.0 mm Pedicel thickness 9.2 mm 6.0 mm Pedicel shape curved curved Pedicel cavity absent absent Stalk: Length medium (Fehér, Sonar) Stalk: Thickness medium (Doux italien, Surpas) Base shape cupped cupped Shape of apex moderately depressed very depressed (Kerala, (Quadtrato a'Asti Monte, Osir) rosso) Shape Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Fruit set concentrated scattered Depth of interloculary grooves shallow medium (Clovis, (Milord, Topgirl) Lamuyo, Marconi) Number of locules predominantly four and more (Palio, PAZ szentesi) Fruits with one locule 0% 0% Fruits with two locules 0% 0% Fruits with three locules 38.9%   40.0%   Fruits with four locules 55.6%   60.0%   Fruits with five or more 5.5%   0% locules Average number of locules    3.66    3.6 Thickness of flesh medium (Fehér, Lamuyo) Calyx: aspect non-enveloping/ non-enveloping/ saucer-shaped saucer-shaped (Lamuyo, Sonar) (Lamuyo, Sonar) Pungency sweet sweet Capsaicin in placenta absent (Sonar) Flavor mild pepper flavor moderate pepper flavor Glossiness moderate shiny 7 Seed Seed cavity length 54.9 mm 43.0 mm Seed cavity diameter 66.9 mm 52.0 mm Placenta length 27.5 mm 22.0 mm Number of seeds per fruit 137 100 Grams per 1000 seeds 8.0 gm 7.5 gm Seed color yellow yellow 8 Plant Seedling: anthocyanin weak moderate coloration of hypocotyl Anthocyanin coloration of weak absent stem Anthocyanin coloration of moderate weak nodes Intensity of anthocyanin weak coloration of nodes (California wonder, Clio, Doux d'Espagne, Dous très long des Landes, Golden calwonder) Anthocyanin coloration of leaf absent absent Anthocyanin coloration of absent absent pedicel Anthocyanin coloration of absent absent calyx Flower: anthocyanin absent coloration in anther (Danza) Fruit: anthocyanin coloration absent absent (Lamuyo) Beginning of flowering (1^(st) medium flower on 2^(nd) flowering node) (Lamuyo, Latino) Time of maturity medium (Lamuyo, Latino, Sonar) *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.

SBY99-1266 was developed by pedigree selection from Seminis hybrid SVR 2690373. This hybrid resulted from the cross between female PALF4 and male PE68. SBY99-1266 develops a medium sized, anthocyaninless plant with firm, dark green fruit. The fruit mature to semi-soft yellow fruit with flat sides, ribby shoulders and a non-uniform coloration. The line is resistant to Phytopthora capsici (PH) and Tobamo virus (P0).

The parent PalF4 was a blocky, yellow bell with medium sized fruit and good resistance to PH. The parent PE68 was an anthocyaninless, red, blocky, square-fruited pepper, with very dark green immature fruit. Neither parent was marketed directly as open pollinated lines. SBY99-1266 differs from PalF4 because it is anthocyaninless and has dark green fruit. SBY99-1266 differs from PE68 because it is resistant to PH and Tobamo virus (P0), and is yellow at maturity.

The crossing and selections were made as follows:

-   Year 1: The F₁ hybrid SVR 2690373 was made from the parents PalF4     and PE68. -   Year 2: Plants of the F₁ hybrid SVR 2690373 were transplanted into a     hybrid trial as stake #PC99CN689 and allowed to self. Seed from the     selfed plants were massed. -   Year 3: Planted the F₂ inbred line PC99CN689-M as stake #PC00-0660.     The line produced a small plant with some good sized fruit, but     mostly short with fruit lacking seed. Individual plants were     selected. -   Year 4: Planted the F₃ inbred line PC00-0660-16 as stake #PC01 9390.     The line produced leafy plants with light cover, a good side wall     and some large fruit sizes. The line was noted as susceptible to     bacterial leaf spot (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv.     vesicatoria) and resistant to PH. Individual plants were selected. -   Year 5: Planted the F₄ inbred line PC01 09390-01 as stake     #03LB 03089. Notes indicate heavy rot with a line segregating for     fruit color (red/yellow) with some nice big yellow fruit. Pathology     tests indicate the line was segregating for resistance to PH.     Individual plants were selected. -   Year 5: Planted the F₅ inbred line 03LB 03089-01 as stake     #03LB 08864. The line produced leggy and floppy plants with poor     cover. The line was segregating for fruit color. The line produced a     heavy set of dark green immature but mostly red mature, mostly soft     fruit of adequate size. Plants were anthocyaninless. Pathology tests     indicate the line was fixed for Tobacco mosaic virus (pathotype P₀)     resistance (L₁ gene) and was resistant or tolerant to PH. One plant     was selected. -   Year 6: Planted the F₆ inbred line 03LB 08864-01 as stake     #04LB 03397. The line produced anthocyaninless, medium sized plants     that tested resistant or tolerant to PH. Fruit were large and ribby     with a deep blossom end with acceptable firmness. Mature fruit were     yellow. Individual plants were selected. -   Year 6: Planted the F₇ inbred line 04LB 03397-01 as stake     #04LB 08899. The line produced medium sized anthocyaninless plants     with dark green, firm fruit. The line produced semi-soft yellow     fruit with flat sides, ribby shoulders and a non-uniform coloration.     Plants were noted as stable and uniform. The line was bulked. -   Year 7: The seed of 04LB 08899-M tested resistant or tolerant to PH     and was submitted to Foundation Seed as parent SBY99-1266.

SBY99-1266 has been observed as uniform and stable over two generations during the three years and it is within commercially acceptable limits. As is true with other sweet pepper inbreds, a small percentage of variants can occur within commercially acceptable limits for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated multiplication. However, no known variants were observed during the four times that SBY99-1266 was observed in five field trials and seven times it was observed in green house trials.

A description of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper line SBY99-1266 is presented in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Line SBY99-1266 and a Selected Variety CHARACTERISTIC SBY99-1266 Early Cal Wonder 1 Species C. annuum C. annuum 2 Maturity in region of most adaptability Days from transplanting until  85  67 mature green stage Days from transplanting until 104  85 mature red or yellow stage Days from direct seeding until 122 104 mature green stage Days from direct seeding until 141 122 mature red or yellow stage 3 Plant Habit compact compact Attitude upright/erect (De upright/erect (De Cayenne, Doux très Cayenne, Doux très long long des Landes, des Landes, Piquant Piquant d'Algérie) d'Algérie) Plant height 52.4 cm 40.9 cm Plant width 45.1 cm 47.1 cm Length of stem from cotyledon to 15.5 cm 10.7 cm first flower Length of third internode (from 58.8 mm 54.0 mm soil surface) Length of stem medium (Belsir, Lamuyo) Shortened internode (in upper absent (California part) wonder, De Cayenne) Length of internode (on primary medium side shoots) (Dolmi, Florian, Órias) Stem: hairiness of nodes absent or very weak (Arlequin) Height medium (HRF) Basal branches few (2-3) Few (2-3) Branch flexibility rigid (Yolo Wonder) rigid (Yolo Wonder) Stem strength (breakage strong intermediate resistance) Leaf Length of blade long (Cupido, Dolmy, Encore, Mazurka, Monte) Width of blade medium (Albaregia, Balaton, Danubia, Marconi, Merit) 4 Leaf width 70.7 mm 60.0 mm Leaf length 113.7 mm 113.3 mm Petiole length 54.3 mm 46.0 mm Color dark green light green Color (RHS Color Chart value) green 137B 147A Intensity of green color dark (Dolmy, Tinto) Mature leaf shape ovate (Balico, Sonar) ovate (Balico, Sonar) Leaf and stem pubescence absent absent Undulation of margin absent (De Cayenne) absent (De Cayenne) Blistering weak (Pusztagold) weak (Pusztagold) Profile in cross section moderately concave (Doux italien, Favolor) Glossiness medium (Alby, Eolo) Peduncle: Attitude erect (Fehér, Red Chili) 5 Flower Number of flowers per leaf axil  1  1 Calyx lobes  6  6 Petals  7  6 Diameter 26.2 mm 25.1 mm Corolla color white white Corolla throat markings yellow yellow Anther color yellow purple Style length same as stamen same as stamen Self-incompatibility absent absent 6 Fruit Group Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Color (before maturity) green (California wonder, Lamuyo) Intensity of color (before maturity) medium Immature fruit color medium green medium green Immature fruit color (RHS Color green N134A green 137A Chart value) Attitude/position drooping/pendent (De drooping/pendent (De Cayenne, Lamuyo) Cayenne, Lamuyo) Length medium (Fehér, Lamuyo) Diameter broad (Clovis, Lamuyo) Ratio length/diameter small (Bucano, Topgirl) Calyx diameter 27.9 mm 32.0 mm Fruit length 81.7 mm 80.0 mm Fruit diameter at calyx attachment 77.3 mm 70.0 mm Fruit diameter at mid-point 84.1 mm 80.0 mm Flesh thickness at mid-point 5.8 mm 6.0 mm Average number of fruits per plant    8.1   10.0 % large fruits weight range: weight range: 175 to 300 g 130 to 200 g (21.8%) (50.0%) % medium fruits weight range: weight range: 125 to 170 90 to 120 g (31.7%) (30.0%) % small fruits weight range: weight range: 20 to 120 g 50 to 75 g (46.5%) (20.0%) Average fruit weight 130.0 gm 100.0 gm Shape in longitudinal section square (Delphin, Yolo square (Delphin, Yolo Wonder) Wonder) Shape in cross section (at level of quadrangular quadrangular placenta) Sinuation of pericarp at basal part absent or very weak (Delphin, Kalocsai V-2, Milord) Sinuation of pericarp excluding weak (Clovis, Sonar) basal part Texture of surface smooth or very slightly smooth or very slightly wrinkled (Milord) wrinkled (Milord) Color (at maturity) yellow (Golden calwonder, Heldor) Intensity of color (at maturity) medium Mature fruit color orange-yellow red Mature fruit color (RHS Color yellow orange 21A 46A Chart value) Glossiness medium/moderate medium/moderate (Carré doux extra hâtif, (Carré doux extra hâtif, Lamuyo, Sonar) Lamuyo, Sonar) Stalk cavity present (Bingor, Lamuyo) Depth of stalk cavity medium (Lamuyo, Magister) Pedicel length 39.0 mm 20.0 mm Pedicel thickness 10.0 mm 6.0 mm Pedicel shape curved curved Pedicel cavity present absent Depth of pedicel cavity 9.0 mm Stalk: length medium (Fehér, Sonar) Stalk: thickness thick (Lamuyo, Trophy Palio) Base shape cupped cupped Shape of apex moderately depressed very depressed (Kerala, (Quadrato a'Asti rosso) Monte, Osir) Shape Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Fruit set concentrated scattered Depth of interloculary grooves deep medium (Clovis, (Majister, Surpas) Lamuyo, Marconi) Number of locules predominantly four and more (Palio, PAZ szentesi) Fruits with one locule 0% 0% Fruits with two locules 0% 0% Fruits with three locules 33.3%   40.0%   Fruits with four locules 63.6%   60.0%   Fruits with five or more locules 3.1%   0% Average number of locules    3.70    3.6 Thickness of flesh medium (Fehér, Lamuyo) Calyx: aspect non-enveloping/ non-enveloping/ saucer-shaped saucer-shaped (Lamuyo, Sonar) (Lamuyo, Sonar) Pungency sweet sweet Capsaicin in placenta absent (Sonar) Flavor mild pepper flavor moderate pepper flavor Glossiness moderate shiny 7 Seed Seed cavity length 70.2 mm 43.0 mm Seed cavity diameter 70.3 mm 52.0 mm Placenta length 25.2 mm 22.0 mm Number of seeds per fruit 208 100 Grams per 1000 seeds 8.5 gm 7.5 gm Seed color yellow yellow 8 Seedling: anthocyanin coloration weak moderate of hypocotyl Plant: anthocyanin coloration of absent absent stem Plant: anthocyanin coloration of absent (Albaregia) weak nodes Stem: intensity of anthocyanin very weak coloration of nodes Plant: anthocyanin coloration of absent absent leaf Plant: anthocyanin coloration of absent absent pedicel Plant: anthocyanin coloration of absent absent calyx Flower: anthocyanin coloration in absent (Danza) anther Fruit: anthocyanin coloration absent (Lamuyo) absent (Lamuyo) Beginning of flowering (1st flower late on 2nd flowering node) (Daniel, Piquant d'Algérie, Zingaro) Time of maturity medium (Lamuyo, Latino, Sonar) *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.

B. Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Pepper Hybrid 9941819

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper hybrid 9941819. A description of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper hybrid 9941819 is presented in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Line 9941819 and a Selected Variety CHARACTERISTIC 9941819 Early Cal Wonder 1 Species C. annuum C. annuum 2 Maturity in region of most adaptability Days from transplanting until  71  67 mature green stage Days from transplanting until  88  85 mature red or yellow stage Days from direct seeding until 108 104 mature green stage Days from direct seeding until 125 122 mature red or yellow stage 3 Plant Habit Compact Compact Attitude upright/erect upright/erect (De Cayenne, Doux (De Cayenne, Doux très très long des Landes, long des Landes, Piquant d'Algérie) Piquant d'Algérie) Plant height 50.4 cm 40.9 cm Plant width 47.8 cm 47.1 cm Length of stem from cotyledon to 19.4 cm 10.7 cm first flower Length of the third internode (from 120.9 cm 54.0 cm soil surface) Length of stem short (Delphin, Trophy) Shortened internode (in upper absent part) (California wonder, De Cayenne) Length of internode (on primary medium side shoots) (Dolmi, Florian, Órias) Stem: Hairiness of nodes absent or very weak (Arlequin) Height medium (HRF) Basal branches many (4+) Few (2-3) Branch flexibility rigid (Yolo Wonder) rigid (Yolo Wonder) Stem strength (breakage Strong Intermediate resistance) 4 Leaf Length of blade medium (Atol, Blondy, Marconi, Merit, Anthea) Width of blade medium (Albaregia, Balaton, Danubia, Marconi, Merit) Leaf width 70.7 mm 60.0 mm Leaf length 129.0 mm 113.3 mm Petiole length 57.0 mm 46.0 mm Color Dark green Light green Color (RHS Color Chart value) 137A 147A Intensity of green color dark (Dolmy, Tinto) Mature leaf shape ovate ovate (Balico, (Balico, Sonar) Sonar) Leaf and stem pubescence Absent Absent Undulation of margin Absent (De Cayenne) Absent (De Cayenne) Blistering Weak Weak (Pusztagold) (Pusztagold) Profile in cross section Flat (De Cayenne, Recio) Glossiness Strong (Andevalo, Floridor) Peduncle: Attitude Semi-drooping (Blondy) 5 Flower Number of flowers per leaf axil  1  1 Calyx lobes  6  6 Petals  6  6 Diameter 31.8 mm 25.1 mm Corolla color White White Corolla throat markings Yellow Yellow Anther color Yellow Purple Style Length Same as stamen Same as stamen Self-incompatibility Absent Absent 6 Fruit Group Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Color before maturity Green (California wonder, Lamuyo) Intensity of color (before maturity) Medium Immature fruit color Medium green Medium green Immature fruit color (RHS Color Green 141A Green 137A Chart value) Attitude/position Drooping/pendent Drooping/pendent (De Cayenne, Lamuyo) (De Cayenne, Lamuyo) Length Diameter Ratio length/diameter Calyx diameter 29.3 mm 32.0 mm Fruit length 89.2 mm 80.0 mm Fruit diameter at calyx attachment 85.5 mm 70.0 mm Fruit diameter at mid-point 89.8 mm 80.0 mm Flesh thickness at mid-point 6.3 mm 6.0 mm Average number of fruits per plant    9.8   10.0 % large fruits 23.4% (weight range: 50.0% (weight range: 175 to 250 g) 130 to 200 g) % medium fruits   70% (weight range: 30.0% (weight range: 95 to 170 g) 90 to 120 g) % small fruits  6.6% (weight range: 20.0% (weight range: 15 to 90 g) 50 to 75 g) Average fruit weight 145 gm 100.0 gm Shape in longitudinal section rectangular Square (Delphin, Yolo (Clovis, Nocera rosso) Wonder) Shape in cross section (at level of quadrangular quadrangular placenta) Sinuation of pericarp at basal part weak (Donat) Sinuation of pericarp excluding weak (Clovis, Sonar) basal part Texture of surface smooth or very slightly smooth or very slightly wrinkled wrinkled (Milord) (Milord) Color (at maturity) red (Fehér, Lamuyo) Intensity of color (at maturity) Dark Mature fruit color Red Red Mature fruit color (RHS Color Red 46A 46A Chart value) Glossiness medium/moderate medium/moderate (Carré doux extra hâtif, (Carré doux extra hâtif, Lamuyo, Sonar) Lamuyo, Sonar) Stalk cavity present (Bingor, Lamuyo) Depth of stalk cavity shallow (Delphin, Doux italien, Fehér, Latino) Pedicel length 32.4 mm 20.0 mm Pedicel thickness 11.1 mm 6.0 mm Pedicel shape Curved Curved Pedicel cavity Present Absent Depth of pedicel cavity 5.0 mm Stalk: Length medium (Fehér, Sonar) Stalk: Thickness medium (Doux italien, Surpas) Base shape Cupped Cupped Shape of apex moderately depressed very depressed (Kerala, (Quadrato a'Asti rosso) Monte, Osir) Shape Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Bell (Yolo Wonder L.) Fruit set Concentrated Scattered Depth of interloculary grooves shallow Medium (Clovis, (Milord, Topgirl) Lamuyo, Marconi) Number of locules predominantly three (Century) Fruits with one locule 0% 0% Fruits with two locules 0% 0% Fruits with three locules 55.60%    40.0%   Fruits with four locules 38.90%    60.0%   Fruits with five or more locules 5.50%   0% Average number of locules    3.5    3.6 Thickness of flesh Calyx: Aspect non-enveloping/ non-enveloping/saucer- saucer-shaped shaped (Lamuyo, Sonar) (Lamuyo, Sonar) Pungency Sweet Sweet Capsaicin in placenta absent (Sonar) Flavor mild pepper flavor moderate pepper flavor Glossiness Moderate Shiny 7 Seed Seed cavity length 58.9 mm 43.0 mm Seed cavity diameter 63.0 mm 52.0 mm Placenta length 19.3 mm 22.0 mm Number of seeds per fruit 132 100 Grams per 1000 seeds 7.8 gm 7.5 gm Color Yellow Yellow 8 Plant Seedling: Anthocyanin coloration Weak Moderate of hypocotyl Anthocyanin coloration of stem Weak Absent Anthocyanin coloration of nodes Weak Weak Intensity of anthocyanin coloration weak of nodes (California wonder, Clio, Doux d'Espagne, Dous très long des Landes, Golden calwonder) Anthocyanin coloration of leaf Absent Absent Anthocyanin coloration of pedicel Absent Absent Anthocyanin coloration of calyx Absent Absent Anthocyanin coloration in anther Absent (Danza) Anthocyanin coloration Absent Absent (Lamuyo) (Lamuyo) Beginning of flowering (1st flower early (Carré doux extra on 2nd flowering node) hâtif, Cupido, Fehér, Flaviano, Lito, Trophy) Time of maturity early (Fehér, Lady Bell, Topgirl) *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are also within the scope of the invention.

The parents lines of pepper hybrid 9941819 have been self-pollinated and planted for a number of generations to produce the homozygosity and phenotypic stability to make the lines useful in commercial seed production. No variant traits have been observed or are expected.

The parents of pepper hybrid 9941819, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the parent lines, growing the resulting pepper plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions and harvesting the resulting seeds using techniques familiar to one of skill in the art.

C. Breeding Pepper Plants

One aspect of the current invention concerns methods for crossing the pepper hybrid 9941819, line SBY99-1266 and line SBY99-1216, with itself or a second plant and the seeds and plants produced by such methods. These methods can be used for propagation of hybrid 9941819, or can be used to produce hybrid pepper seeds and the plants grown therefrom. Hybrid seeds are produced by crossing hybrid 9941819, and/or pepper lines SBY99-1266 and SBY99-1216 with plants of a different genotype or selfing hybrid plants.

The development of new varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing hybrid 9941819 followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Once initial crosses have been made, inbreeding and selection take place to produce new varieties. For development of a uniform line, often five or more generations of selfing and selection are involved.

Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of double-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid embryos may be produced from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant provided herein and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line.

Backcrossing can also be used to improve an inbred plant. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or non-inbred source to an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate locus or loci for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross are then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny have the characteristic being transferred, but are like the superior parent for most or almost all other loci. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the trait being transferred.

The plants of the present invention are particularly well suited for the development of new lines based on the elite nature of the genetic background of the plants. In selecting a second plant to cross with hybrid 9941819 and/or pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 for the purpose of developing novel pepper lines, it will typically be preferred to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of desirable traits of sweet peppers include: high seed yield, high seed germination, seedling vigor, early fruit maturity, high fruit yield, ease of fruit setting, disease tolerance or resistance, and adaptability for soil and climate conditions. Consumer-driven traits, such as a preference for a given fruit size, shape, color, texture, and taste, especially non-pungency (low capsaicinoid content), are other traits that may be incorporated into new lines of pepper plants developed by this invention.

Particularly desirable traits that may be incorporated by this invention is improved resistance to different viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. Anthracnose and Phytophthora blight are fungal diseases affecting various species of pepper. Fruit lesions and fruit rot are the commercially important aspects of these diseases. Bacterial leaf spot and bacterial wilt are other diseases affecting pepper plants, especially during the wet season. Viral pathogens affecting pepper plants include the pepper mosaic virus and the tobacco mosaic virus.

Various genes and conferring insect resistance are also known in the art and could be introduced into a pepper plant in accordance with the invention. Insect pests affecting the various species of pepper include the European corn borer, corn earworm, aphids, flea beetles, whiteflies, and mites (Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers, 2003).

D. Performance Characteristics

As described above, hybrid 9941819 exhibits desirable agronomic traits, including a small- to medium-sized, anthocyaninless plant that produces large, smooth fruit; a plant whose immature fruit possess adequate firmness and mature to an orange-red color, and often weigh about 250 grams; a plant that appears resistant or tolerant to Races 1-5 and 7-9 of Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria), Tobamo virus (P0), and Phytopthora capsici. These and other performance characteristics of hybrid 9941819 were the subject of an objective analysis of performance traits relative to other varieties. The results of the analysis are presented below.

TABLE 4 Performance Characteristics For Hybrid 9941819 Race 1-3 BLS Race 4-5 BLS Antho- Phytopthora Fruit color at Variety Source resistance resistance cyaninless capsici resistance green harvest 9941819 Seminis yes yes yes yes dark Paladin Syngenta no no no yes medium Polaris Western yes no yes no dark X3R Camelot Seminis yes no no no dark Aristotle Seminis yes no yes some medium PS 9927141 Seminis yes yes no no dark Alliance Syngenta yes no no some dark

As shown above, hybrid 9941819 combines resistance to Bacterial leaf spot races 1 to 5 and Phytopthora capsici, is anthocyaninless, and produces a dark green fruit when harvested green when compared to competing varieties. One important aspect of the invention thus provides seed of the hybrid for commercial use.

E. Further Embodiments of the Invention

When the term pepper hybrid 9941819 is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes plants modified to include at least a first desired heritable trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique. The term single locus converted plant as used herein refers to those pepper plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique.

Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the present variety. The parental pepper plant which contributes the locus for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental pepper plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol.

In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a pepper plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent.

The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original variety. To accomplish this, a single locus of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological constitution of the original variety. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered and the genetic distance between the recurrent and nonrecurrent parents. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele, or an additive allele (between recessive and dominant), may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.

In one embodiment, progeny pepper plants of a backcross in which 9941819 is the recurrent parent comprise (i) the desired trait from the non-recurrent parent and (ii) all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pepper hybrid 9941819 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions.

Pepper varieties can also be developed from more than two parents. The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing may be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each.

Many single locus traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single locus traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, restoration of male fertility, modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism, and enhanced nutritional quality. These comprise genes generally inherited through the nucleus.

Direct selection may be applied where the single locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is a gene conferring resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (WO 2001/084912). For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are assayed for viral resistance and/or the presence of the corresponding gene prior to the backcrossing. Selection eliminates any plants that do not have the desired gene and resistance trait, and only those plants that have the trait are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations.

Selection of pepper plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one can utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely genetically linked to a trait of interest. One of these markers can be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and can be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique is commonly referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant can also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of pepper are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., 1998).

F. Plants Derived by Genetic Engineering

Many useful traits that can be introduced by backcrossing, as well as directly into a plant, are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Genetic transformation may therefore be used to insert a selected transgene into a pepper plant of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of plants, including pepper plants, are well known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Schroeder et al., 1993). Techniques which may be employed for the genetic transformation of pepper plants include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts.

To effect transformation by electroporation, one may employ either friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells or embryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryos or other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one would partially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them to pectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues in a controlled manner.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of pepper explant material and regeneration of whole transformed pepper plants (including tetraploids) from the transformed shoots has been shown to be an efficient transformation method (U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,316).

A particularly efficient method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, and preferably, gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate.

An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target pepper cells. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. It is believed that a screen intervening between the projectile apparatus and the cells to be bombarded reduces the size of projectiles aggregate and may contribute to a higher frequency of transformation by reducing the damage inflicted on the recipient cells by projectiles that are too large.

Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is another widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation.

In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al., 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055).

Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., 1985; Omirulleh et al., 1993; Fromm et al., 1986; Uchimiya et al., 1986; Marcotte et al., 1988). Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al. (1994), and Ellul et al. (2003).

A number of promoters have utility for plant gene expression for any gene of interest including but not limited to selectable markers, scoreable markers, genes for pest tolerance, disease resistance, nutritional enhancements and any other gene of agronomic interest. Examples of constitutive promoters useful for pepper plant gene expression include, but are not limited to, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P-35S promoter, which confers constitutive, high-level expression in most plant tissues (see, e.g., Odel et al., 1985), including monocots (see, e.g., Dekeyser et al., 1990; Terada and Shimamoto, 1990); a tandemly duplicated version of the CaMV 35S promoter, the enhanced 35S promoter (P-e35S) the nopaline synthase promoter (An et al., 1988), the octopine synthase promoter (Fromm et al., 1989); and the figwort mosaic virus (P-FMV) promoter as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,619 and an enhanced version of the FMV promoter (P-eFMV) where the promoter sequence of P-FMV is duplicated in tandem, the cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter, a sugarcane bacilliform virus promoter, a commelina yellow mottle virus promoter, and other plant DNA virus promoters known to express in plant cells.

A variety of plant gene promoters that are regulated in response to environmental, hormonal, chemical, and/or developmental signals can be used for expression of an operably linked gene in plant cells, including promoters regulated by (1) heat (Callis et al., 1988), (2) light (e.g., pea rbcS-3A promoter, Kuhlemeier et al., 1989; maize rbcS promoter, Schaffner and Sheen, 1991; or chlorophyll a/b-binding protein promoter, Simpson et al., 1985), (3) hormones, such as abscisic acid (Marcotte et al., 1989), (4) wounding (e.g., wunl, Siebertz et al., 1989); or (5) chemicals such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, or Safener. It may also be advantageous to employ organ-specific promoters (e.g., Roshal et al., 1987; Schernthaner et al., 1988; Bustos et al., 1989).

Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to a pepper plant of this invention include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods rather than classical reproduction or breeding techniques. However, the term “exogenous” is also intended to refer to genes that are not normally present in the cell being transformed, or perhaps simply not present in the form, structure, etc., as found in the transforming DNA segment or gene, or genes which are normally present and that one desires to express in a manner that differs from the natural expression pattern, e.g., to over-express. Thus, the term “exogenous” gene or DNA is intended to refer to any gene or DNA segment that is introduced into a recipient cell, regardless of whether a similar gene may already be present in such a cell. The type of DNA included in the exogenous DNA can include DNA which is already present in the plant cell, DNA from another plant, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic or modified version of a gene.

Many hundreds if not thousands of different genes are known and could potentially be introduced into a pepper plant according to the invention. Non-limiting examples of particular genes and corresponding phenotypes one may choose to introduce into a pepper plant include one or more genes for insect tolerance, such as a Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) gene, pest tolerance such as genes for fungal disease control, herbicide tolerance such as genes conferring glyphosate tolerance, and genes for quality improvements such as yield, nutritional enhancements, environmental or stress tolerances, or any desirable changes in plant physiology, growth, development, morphology or plant product(s). For example, structural genes would include any gene that confers insect tolerance including but not limited to a Bacillus insect control protein gene as described in WO 99/31248, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,052, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,365 and 5,880,275, herein incorporated by reference it their entirety. In another embodiment, the structural gene can confer tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate as conferred by genes including, but not limited to Agrobacterium strain CP4 glyphosate resistant EPSPS gene (aroA:CP4) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,435, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, or glyphosate oxidoreductase gene (GOX) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Alternatively, the DNA coding sequences can affect these phenotypes by encoding a non-translatable RNA molecule that causes the targeted inhibition of expression of an endogenous gene, for example via antisense- or cosuppression-mediated mechanisms (see, for example, Bird et al., 1991). The RNA could also be a catalytic RNA molecule (i.e., a ribozyme) engineered to cleave a desired endogenous mRNA product (see for example, Gibson and Shillito, 1997). Thus, any gene which produces a protein or mRNA which expresses a phenotype or morphology change of interest is useful for the practice of the present invention.

G. Definitions

In the description and tables herein, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided:

Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which alleles relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F₁), back to one of the parents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce one or more single locus conversions from one genetic background into another.

Crossing: The mating of two parent plants.

Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.

Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.

Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor or a chemical agent conferring male sterility.

Enzymes: Molecules which can act as catalysts in biological reactions.

F₁ Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants.

Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.

Linkage: A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.

Marker: A readily detectable phenotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1.

Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.

Resistance: As used herein, the terms “resistance” and “tolerance” are used interchangeably to describe plants that show no symptoms to a specified biotic pest, pathogen, abiotic influence or environmental condition. These terms are also used to describe plants showing some symptoms but that are still able to produce marketable product with an acceptable yield. Some plants that are referred to as resistant or tolerant are only so in the sense that they may still produce a crop, even though the plants are stunted and the yield is reduced.

Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture.

Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant.

Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a pepper variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique and/or by genetic transformation.

Substantially Equivalent: A characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference (e.g., p=0.05) from the mean.

Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant.

Transgene: A genetic locus comprising a sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a pepper plant by transformation.

H. Deposit Information

A deposit of pepper hybrid 9941819 and inbred parent lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266, disclosed above and recited in the claims, has been made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209. The deposits were made on May 30, 2008. The accession numbers for those deposited seeds of pepper hybrid 9941819 and inbred parent lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266 are ATCC Accession No. PTA-9234, ATCC Accession No. PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession No. PTA-9228, respectively. Upon issuance of a patent, all restrictions upon the deposits will be removed, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.801-1.809. The deposits will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

All references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference:

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1. A pepper plant comprising at least a first set of the chromosomes of pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively.
 2. A pepper seed comprising at least a first set of the chromosomes of pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively.
 3. The pepper plant of claim 1, which is inbred.
 4. The pepper plant of claim 1, which is hybrid.
 5. The pepper plant of claim 4, wherein the hybrid plant is a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819, a sample of seed of said hybrid 9941819 having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9234.
 6. The plant of claim 3, wherein the inbred plant is pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266.
 7. A plant part of the pepper plant of claim
 1. 8. The plant part of claim 7, further defined as a leaf, a ovule, pollen, a fruit, or a cell.
 9. A pepper plant, or a part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pepper plant of claim
 5. 10. A pepper plant, or a part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pepper plant of claim
 6. 11. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the pepper plant of claim
 1. 12. The tissue culture according to claim 11, comprising cells or protoplasts from a plant part selected from the group consisting of embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistil, flower, seed and stalks.
 13. A pepper plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 12, wherein said plant has all the morphological and physiological characteristics of a pepper plant comprising at least a first set of the chromosomes of pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively.
 14. A method of vegetatively propagating the pepper plant of claim 1 comprising the steps of: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a pepper plant according to claim 1; (b) cultivating said tissue to obtain proliferated shoots; and (c) rooting said proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising growing pepper plants from said rooted plantlets.
 16. A method of introducing a desired trait into a pepper line, comprising: (a) utilizing as a recurrent parent a plant of either pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266, by crossing a plant of pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of the seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Nos. PTA-9225 and PTA-9228, respectively, with a second donor pepper plant that comprises a desired trait, to produce F₁ progeny; (b) selecting an F₁ progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F₁ progeny with a plant of the same pepper line used as the recurrent parent in step (a), to produce backcross progeny; (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait and the physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent pepper line used in step (a); and (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny that comprise the desired trait, and otherwise comprise essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent pepper line used in step (a).
 17. A pepper plant produced by the method of claim
 16. 18. A method of producing a pepper plant comprising an added desired trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819, pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of seed of said hybrid and lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9234, ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively.
 19. A method for producing a seed of a plant derived from pepper hybrid 9941819, pepper line SBR99-1216 or pepper line SBY99-1266 comprising the steps of: (a) crossing a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819, line SBR99-1216 or line SBY99-1266 with a second pepper plant; a sample of seed of said hybrid and lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9234, ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively; and (b) allowing seed of a hybrid 9941819, SBR99-1216 or SBY99-1266-derived pepper plant to form.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising the steps of: (c) crossing a pepper plant grown from said hybrid 9941819, line SBR99-1216 or line SBY99-1266-derived pepper seed with itself or a second pepper plant to yield additional hybrid 9941819, line SBR99-1216 or line SBY99-1266-derived pepper seed; (d) growing said additional hybrid 9941819, line SBR99-1216 or line SBY99-1266-derived pepper seed of step (c) to yield additional hybrid 9941819, line SBR99-1216 or line SBY99-1266-derived pepper plants; and (e) repeating the crossing and growing steps of (c) and (d) to generate further hybrid 9941819, line SBR99-1216 or line SBY99-1266-derived pepper plants.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the second pepper plant is of an inbred pepper line.
 22. The pepper seed of claim 2, defined as produced by crossing pepper line SBR99-1216 with pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of pepper seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively.
 23. The pepper seed of claim 22, wherein pepper line SBY99-1266 is used as the male parent.
 24. The hybrid pepper seed of claim 22, wherein pepper line SBY99-1266 is used as the female parent.
 25. A pepper plant produced by growing the seed of claim
 22. 26. A pepper plant part of the plant of claim
 25. 27. The plant part of claim 26, further defined as a leaf, a flower, a fruit, an ovule, pollen, or a cell.
 28. A tissue culture of cells of the pepper plant of claim
 25. 29. The tissue culture of claim 28, wherein cells of the tissue culture are from a tissue selected from the group consisting of embryos, meristems, cotyledons, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, pistil, flower, seed and stalks.
 30. A pepper plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 29, wherein the regenerated plant expresses all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of hybrid pepper
 9941819. 31. A pepper seed produced by crossing pepper line SBR99-1216 with pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively; wherein one or both of the plant of line SBR99-1216 or SBY99-1266 comprises a transgene.
 32. A pepper seed produced by crossing pepper line SBR99-1216 with pepper line SBY99-1266, a sample of seed of said lines having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9225, and ATCC Accession Number PTA-9228, respectively; wherein one or both of the plant of line SBR99-1216 or SBY99-1266 comprises a single locus conversion; wherein a plant grown from said seed has essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plant produced by crossing pepper lines SBR99-1216 and SBY99-1266.
 33. A method of producing a pepper fruit comprising: (a) obtaining a pepper plant according to claim 1, wherein the pepper plant has been cultivated to maturity; and (b) collecting a pepper from the plant.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the pepper plant is a plant of pepper hybrid 9941819, a sample of seed of said pepper hybrid 9941819 having been deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-9234. 